Chronic kidney disease (CKD) progresses through five stages, from mild damage to complete failure, with symptoms becoming more noticeable over time. The condition advances silently with few or no signs until significant damage has occurred. Because CKD results in gradual, irreversible loss of function, early diagnosis and management are critical to preserve long-term renal health.
This guide will help you recognize the symptoms of kidney disease, understand its progression, and learn key strategies for prevention, treatment, and management. At Wilmington Health, our family physicians and other medical professionals provide expert care and guidance to help patients effectively prevent, detect, and manage CKD.
Understanding Chronic Kidney Disease
CKD is a progressive condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function. Kidneys are responsible for filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood, helping to balance electrolytes, and regulating blood sugar. When these functions are compromised, harmful levels of waste and fluids can accumulate in the body, leading to fatigue, swelling, and other serious health complications. Unfortunately, damage caused by chronic kidney disease typically cannot be reversed.
5 Stages of Kidney Disease
CKD is classified into five stages based on how well the kidneys filter waste from the blood, from mild impairment to complete failure. Understanding each stage helps patients and providers take early, informed steps to protect kidney function and overall health.
Stage 1: Mild Kidney Damage
At this stage, the kidneys still function well, but early signs of damage may appear in urine tests. Most people have no symptoms. Managing blood pressure and blood sugar can help prevent further damage, as can avoiding non-steroidal medications such as ibuprofen (Advil) and naprosyn (Aleve). Drinking plenty of water also helps maintain good kidney function.
Stage 2: Mild Loss of Function
The kidneys begin to lose some filtering capacity, though symptoms remain minimal. Doctors may recommend regular monitoring and lifestyle adjustments to protect remaining function.
Stage 3: Moderate Loss of Function
Waste and fluids may begin to build up in the body, which can cause fatigue, swelling, or changes in urination. Medical management becomes more focused at this stage, often involving medication and a kidney-friendly diet.
Stage 4: Severe Loss of Function
Significant damage has occurred, and symptoms become more noticeable. Patients often need close supervision from a medical professional, such as a family doctor or a nephrologist (kidney specialist), to slow progression and prepare for potential dialysis or transplant.
Stage 5: Kidney Failure
Also called end-stage renal disease (ESRD), this stage requires dialysis or kidney transplantation for survival. Early diagnosis and ongoing management in earlier stages can often delay or prevent reaching this point.
Symptoms of Kidney Disease
One of the challenges of CKD is that it often develops without obvious symptoms in its early stages. Symptoms become more noticeable as the condition progresses and can affect many parts of the body.
Common symptoms of kidney disease include:
- Fatigue or decreased energy levels
- Swelling in the legs, ankles, or around the eyes (edema)
- Changes in urination, including frequency, color, or foaming
- Shortness of breath
- Difficulty concentrating
- Persistent itching or dry skin
- Nausea, vomiting, or loss of appetite
- Muscle cramps, especially at night
- High blood pressure that’s difficult to control
If you experience any of these symptoms or if you have conditions that increase your risk, schedule a screening with a nephrologist or internal medicine provider who treats kidney disease.
Kidney Disease Causes and Risk Factors
Chronic kidney disease can develop from a variety of health conditions and lifestyle factors that damage the kidneys over time. Recognizing underlying causes early allows patients and providers to take proactive steps to protect kidney function and overall health.
The most common causes and risk factors for kidney disease include:
- Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can damage kidney tissues, making diabetes a leading cause of CKD. When chronic kidney disease develops as a complication of type 1 or 2 diabetes, it’s called diabetic nephropathy.
- Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): Consistently high blood pressure can stress the kidneys and impair their function.
- Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney’s filtering units can result in chronic damage.
- Polycystic Kidney Disease: This genetic disorder is characterized by multiple kidney cysts.
- Obstructions: Kidney stones, an enlarged prostate, or other conditions that block urine flow can cause damage that leads to chronic disease.
- Recurrent Kidney Infections: Frequent infections can lead to scarring and long-term kidney damage.
Additional risk factors for kidney disease include:
- Family history of kidney problems
- Cardiovascular disease
- Obesity or poor diet
- Smoking
- Advanced age
Prevention and Management
Treatment for CKD focuses on prevention and management, which can include lifestyle changes, medication, and regular medical monitoring. Here are some essential strategies:
Monitor Blood Pressure and Blood Sugar
Keeping blood pressure and blood sugar levels within normal ranges is crucial for preventing kidney damage. Regular check-ups with your healthcare provider can help you manage these conditions effectively to reduce stress on the kidneys.
Adopt a Kidney-Friendly Diet
A balanced diet low in sodium, phosphorus, and potassium can help manage CKD. Focus on consuming fresh fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains. Avoid processed foods high in salt and unhealthy fats.
Stay Hydrated
Drinking enough water helps kidneys function properly, and is especially important in our coastal area, where dehydration can happen quickly. Physicians recommend drinking at least 2–3 liters of water per day. Individuals with CKD, however, may also need to monitor their fluid intake to prevent overload.
Exercise Regularly
Physical activity can help control weight, reduce blood pressure, lower blood sugar levels, and improve kidney health.
Avoid Smoking and Excessive Alcohol
Smoking and heavy alcohol consumption can exacerbate kidney damage. Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol intake can significantly reduce the risk of CKD progression.
Get Regular Medical Check-Ups
Early detection of CKD can be achieved through regular medical check-ups, including blood tests, urine tests, and imaging studies. Key tests include:
- Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): A blood test that measures how well the kidneys filter blood
- Urine Albumin: Measures protein levels in the urine, indicating possible kidney damage
- Imaging: Ultrasounds or CT scans to assess the kidneys’ structure and detect abnormalities
Medications
Depending on the underlying causes and symptoms of CKD, your healthcare provider may prescribe medications to control blood pressure, manage blood sugar, and reduce cholesterol levels.
Chronic kidney disease is a serious condition that requires early intervention and ongoing management. By adopting a healthy lifestyle, scheduling regular checkups, and following your provider’s guidance, you can effectively manage CKD and maintain your quality of life.
At Wilmington Health, our medical professionals provide personalized care and long-term support for patients at every stage of kidney disease. We’re committed to helping individuals in Wilmington, NC, and surrounding communities protect their kidney function and long-term health.
Thank you to Dr. Michelle Jones, Wilmington Health.
Find a provider and schedule an appointment today to discuss your risk factors, explore testing options, or create a plan for managing kidney disease with expert guidance.